Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Bhutan: Performance Analysis, User Experiences, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abstract

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a transformative technology in the global car market,
offering improved performance and environmental benefits over traditional vehicles. However,
despite their growing popularity, widespread adoption has been hindered by challenges such as
inadequate charging infrastructure and high costs. This study examines the experiences of EV users
in Bhutan, focusing on charging habits, battery performance, and user satisfaction. This is the first
study in Bhutan to combine both user experience data and technical performance analysis of EV
charging infrastructure, providing a complete understanding of the current EV system. The survey
was conducted in four Dzongkhags namely Thimphu, Samdrup Jongkhar, Phuentsholing and
Trashigang. In addition, this study also includes performance analysis, focusing on power quality
measurement at charging station located at Samdrup Jongkhar. By incorporating on-site power
quality measurements, this study assesses the impact of EV charging on the local electrical grid.
Survey findings reveal significant concerns about charging station availability, limited driving
range of EVs and battery degradation, which impact overall user experience. While respondents
acknowledge the environmental and economic benefits of EVs, they emphasize the need for more
charging stations, better maintenance of EV charging stations and affordable pricing. The findings
can guide policymakers by highlighting the need for government action to achieve 70% EV sales
by 2035. Future work should focus on optimizing charging station placement, ensuring
sustainability through renewable energy integration, and addressing battery performance concerns
to ensure a seamless transition to electric mobility.