Reconnecting Place, Memory, and Self through Adaptive Reuse: Energy Performance of a Vernacular Rammed Earth Structure in Bhutan

Abstract

This study investigates the adaptive reuse of a dilapidated rammed earth structure at Tandin Ney, Thimphu, Bhutan, transforming it into a low-impact multifunctional contemplative retreat. The project is based on the principles of cultural continuity, material authenticity and minimum environmental disturbance, and reinterprets vernacular construction in the existing footprint to serve Bhutan's Gross National Happiness framework for mental well-being. The mixed-method approach combines three key elements of architectural design development, user perception analysis, and performance-based evaluation. The programmatic elements are integrated into the natural environment to promote contemplative interaction, and validation is carried out qualitatively through surveys of stakeholders, including monastic and non-monastic participants. Dynamic energy simulation with Rhinoceros 3D, using the Honeybee plugin, analyzes thermal performance and energy demand. Results show an energy use intensity of 45-55 kWh/m2/year, and that the indoor comfort level is reached for 70-80% of the occupied hours with no active systems. This high thermal mass of the rammed earth envelope helps to stabilize indoor temperature by keeping it within ±3°C of the extremes. The findings demonstrate a strong convergence between spatial experience, cultural relevance, and environmental performance, proposing a replicable, performance-informed model for adaptive reuse in Bhutan.